Problem in adjusting brightness in HP laptop using ubuntu

I have a HP laptop and I use ubuntu 9.04. I was facing problem to adjust the brightness of the screen through fn+F7 or fn+F8 keys. I found the solution at http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=673946. It should be noted here that it worked after restarting my laptop.

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Problem with audio callback at skype in ubuntu

Solution:

• Go to "Options" (Ctrl+O)
• Click on "Sound Devices"
• Select "pulse" for both "Sound Out" and "Ringing"
• For "Sound In", you have to choose your appropriate option. Change the value for "Sound In" and test the sound by clicking on "Make a test call" and following the directions.

More info at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Skype

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How to shrink image size in ubuntu?

* Use imagemagick (sudo apt-get install imagemagick)

* If it is just one directory worth of images use

mogrify -resize 1024x1024 *.jpg

or

mogrify -resize 25% *.JPG

For more information, http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-518662.html

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C# : Dynamically adding control with docking works in reverse way

To create the list of labels (like the following image) dynamically, firstly I wrote the code below the image (very much expected).

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Label l = new Label();
l.Text = "Label" + (i + 1);
l.Dock = DockStyle.Top;
panel1.Controls.Add(l);
}

Surprisingly, I discovered that it is working just in reverse way of my expectation! (like below)

The fact is the first control is being drawn at the bottom. So, I solved it with the help of Controls.SetChildIndex() function in the following way.

Solution:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Label l = new Label();
l.Text = "Label" + (i + 1);
l.Dock = DockStyle.Top;
panel1.Controls.Add(l);
panel1.Controls.SetChildIndex(l, 0);
}

Improved Solution:

In the given solution, what actually happens is that the new control is added at the top (for the style Dock.Top), then it is moved to the bottom. But this change in position may cause unwanted blinking of UI. To avoid this unwanted situation, follow the following steps

• Add the new control with size (0,0)
• Change its index to 0 (upper solution)
• Resize again the control to actual size

Code:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
Label l = new Label();
l.Text = "Label" + (i + 1);
l.Dock = DockStyle.Top;
addControlInContainer(panel1, l);
}

public static void addControlInContainer(Control container, Control control)
{
// save actual size
Size tempSize = control.Size;

// Add the new control with size (0,0)
control.Size = new Size(0, 0);
container.Controls.Add(control);

// Change its index to 0
container.Controls.SetChildIndex(control, 0);

// Resize the control to actual size
control.Size = tempSize;
}

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Flash for beginners

Few days back, I started learning Flash for game developing. At the very beginning I was not quite sure where to start. After traversing some way, now I can show the beginners a way.

Just install Adobe Flash CS3. And follow the tutorials below.

1. Beginning Game Programming with Flash (Lakshmi Prayaga & Hamsa Suri) : If you are a stranger to CS3, if you cannot even draw object in CS3, then you'll find it useful.
   
   
2. ActionScript 3.0 Game Programming University (Gary Rosenzweig) : It is a very nice tutorial, specially for programmers.

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Big Integer Arithmetics Library in JavaScript

Few days ago, I needed arithmetic functionalities of big integers (alternatively strings) in JavaScript. I was confident that it would get plenty of such libraries by googling, I might be in sweet trouble of choosing one. But unfortunately I did not find satisfactory library with at least 4 functionalities - add, subtract, multiply & divide. I was very surprised. May be my searching keywords were poor. Whatever, I have developed a small library with 6 basic functions (add, subtract, multiply, divide, remainder, isALessThanB) of non-negative big integer.

Big Integer Arithmetic Functions

1. BigInt.add(n1, n2) returns n1+n2
2. BigInt.subtract(n1, n2) returns n1-n2 [n1 must be greater than n2]
3. BigInt.multiply(n1, n2) returns n1xn2
4. BigInt.dividefunction(n1, n2) returns n1/n2 (integer part only)
5. BigInt.remainder(n1,n2) returns n1%n2
6. BigInt.isALessThanB(a,b) returns a <>

Big Integer Arithmetic Library

var BigInt =

{

add : function(n1, n2)

{

if(!this.isValidBigInt(n1) || !this.isValidBigInt(n2))

throw "Not a big integer.";

// make all input to string

n1 = n1 + "";

n2 = n2 + "";

var i;

var sum = "";

// reverse them for comfortable indexing

n1 = this.reverse( this.removeLeading0s(n1));

n2 = this.reverse(this.removeLeading0s(n2));

// make both of same length

var large = n1;

var small = n2;

if(n1.length<>

{

large = n2;

small = n1;

}

// pad with 0's

for(i=small.length; i

small += "0";

// start adding

var carry = 0;

for(i=0; i

{

var subSum = this.digitAt(small, i) + this.digitAt(large, i) + carry;

if(subSum <>

{

sum += (subSum + "");

carry = 0;

}

else

{

sum += (subSum - 10) + "";

carry = 1;

}

}

if(carry == 1)

sum += "1";

return this.removeLeading0s(this.reverse(sum));

},

subtract : function (n1, n2)

{

// n1: larger number

// n2: smalelr number

// returns n1 - n2

if(!this.isValidBigInt(n1) || !this.isValidBigInt(n2))

throw "Not a big integer.";

// make all input to string

n1 = n1 + "";

n2 = n2 + "";

var i;

var large = n1;

var small = n2;

large = this.reverse(large);

small = this.reverse(small);

// pad with 0's

for(i=small.length; i

small += "0";

var carry = 0;

var result = "";

for(i=0; i

{

var upDigit = this.digitAt(large,i);

var downDigit = this.digitAt(small, i);

var diff = upDigit - downDigit - carry;

if(diff >= 0)

{

result += (diff + "");

carry = 0;

}

else

{

result += (diff + 10 + "");

carry = 1;

}

}

return this.removeLeading0s( this.reverse(result) );

},

multiply : function(n1, n2)

{

// returns n1 * n2

// make all input to string

n1 = n1 + "";

n2 = n2 + "";

if(!this.isValidBigInt(n1) || !this.isValidBigInt(n2))

throw "Not a big integer.";

var mul = "";

var extra0s = "";

for(var i=n2.length-1; i>=0; i--)

{

var d = this.digitAt(n2,i);

var subMul = this.multiplyByOneDigit(n1, d);

if(i==n2.length-1)

{

mul = subMul;

}

else

{

extra0s += "0";

subMul += extra0s;

mul = this.add(mul, subMul);

}

}

return this.removeLeading0s(mul);

},

divide : function(n1, n2)

{

// returns Math.floor(n1/n2)

// make all input to string

n1 = n1 + "";

n2 = n2 + "";

if(!this.isValidBigInt(n1) || !this.isValidBigInt(n2))

throw "Not a big integer.";

n1 = this.removeLeading0s(n1);

n2 = this.removeLeading0s(n2);

var i;

var divisor = n2;

var result = "";

var rem = "";

for(i=0; i

{

rem += (n1[i]+"");

var iRem = rem;

if(this.isALessThanB(iRem, divisor))

{

result += "0";

}

else

{

var subDiv = this.shortDivide(iRem, divisor) + "";

result += (subDiv + "");

rem = this.subtract(iRem, this.multiply(subDiv, divisor));

}

}

return this.removeLeading0s(result);

},

isALessThanB : function (a,b)

{

if(!this.isValidBigInt(a) || !this.isValidBigInt(b))

throw "Not a big integer.";

// make all input to string

a = a + "";

b = b + "";

a = this.removeLeading0s(a);

b = this.removeLeading0s(b);

if(a.length != b.length)

return a.length <>

for(var i=0; i

{

var dA = this.digitAt(a,i);

var dB = this.digitAt(b,i);

if(dA != dB)

return dA <>

}

return false;

},

remainder : function(n1,n2)

{

// returns n1 % n2

// make all input to string

n1 = n1 + "";

n2 = n2 + "";

var d = this.divide(n1,n2);

return this.subtract(n1, this.multiply(d,n2));

},

shortDivide : function(a, b)

{

// a is less than 10b

var i=0;

while(!this.isALessThanB(a,b))

{

a = this.subtract(a,b);

i++;

}

return i;

},

multiplyByOneDigit : function (n, d)

{

// n: string

// d: number (0-9)

var n = this.reverse(n);

var carry = 0;

var result = "";

for(var i=0; i

{

var m = this.digitAt(n, i) * d + carry;

result += (m%10 + "");

carry = Math.floor(m/10);

}

if(carry > 0)

result += (carry + "");

return this.reverse(result);

},

reverse : function(s)

{

var iLen = s.length;

var strRev = "";

for(var i=iLen-1; i>=0; i--)

strRev += s.charAt(i);

return strRev;

},

digitAt : function(s, i)

{

var c = s[i];

return parseInt(c);

},

removeLeading0s : function(n)

{

n = n + "";

var result = "";

var i=0;

while(n[i] == '0')

i++;

if(i

{

result = n.substr(i);

}

if(result == "")

result = "0";

return result;

},

isValidBigInt : function(n)

{

if(typeof n != "string" && typeof n != "number")

return false;

// make it string (from both number & string)

n = n+"";

if(n.length == 0)

return false;

// check all digits

for(var i=0; i

if(n[i] < '0' || n[i] > '9')

return false;

return true;

}

};

Sample code of using this library

var num1 = "26093683160935360286936021";

var num2 = "4864306873315646901285";

var resAdd = BigInt.add(num1, num2);

var resSub = BigInt.subtract(num1, num2);

var resMul = BigInt.multiply(num1, num2);

var resDiv = BigInt.divide(num1, num2);

var resRem = BigInt.remainder(num1, num2);

var resLess = BigInt.isALessThanB(num1, num2);

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